Only 145 of 575 seats in England and Wales pay more in income tax and NI than they receive in welfare.

London is the only region where income tax and NI clearly cover welfare.

Welfare spending for every £1 of income tax and National Insurance paid on wages, by region.

Seats below the line pay in more than they take out.

Income tax and NI per worker against welfare spending per adult, all 575 constituencies in England and Wales. Click a party to pick out its seats; click a seat to open it on the map.

Of the larger parties, only Liberal Democrat seats pay in more than they receive.

Each panel picks out one party’s seats against all 575. Axes as above.

In England, high-welfare seats have fewer people in work and more in poor health.

The ten English seats with the highest welfare spending per adult against the ten with the lowest, measured as the difference from the England average. Labels give each group’s actual value.

State Pension and Universal Credit make up most of the bill.

Annual spending across England and Wales on the ten DWP benefits in the model.

Every constituency, ranked by net contribution per adult.

Sort by any column. Click a row to open the seat on the map.

Methodology